Aesthetic Attitude Is A Myth Philosophy Essay

Aesthetic Attitude Is A Myth Philosophy EssayIn The Myth of the Aesthetic Attitude, George dicky repugns that the notion of the esthetical strength is a myth and attempts to argue against exclusively forms of the idea. Whilst there are other compelling theories concerning the existence of the aesthetic attitude, he presents a strong case against it, arguing that all attempts to precisely describe such an attitude fail. His argument focuses on the notions of the aesthetic attitude proposed by Bullough and Stolnitz, which I will outline in this essay.Initially, dickey-seat considers Edward Bulloughs possibility of psychical outdo. Bullough suggests that in order to obtain an aesthetic attitude and judge an object aesthetically, the subject must distance themselves from that object and separate the object and its woo from ones take self, by putting it out of gear with practical needs and ends.1In doing so, Bullough says that contemplation of the object becomes alone possible2a nd you are no daylong directly involved with the object. Bullough illustrates his idea using his becloud at sea sample, where he describes how unpleasant and dangerous the fog might seem to a person, still also how beautiful the fog is. Bullough thinks that it is the aesthetic attitude which enables ones view of the fog to change through a transformation by distance3as the fog is allowed to stand outside the context of our personal needs and ends and one can look at it objectively.For Bullough, only the right amount of distance enables the aesthetic attitude to be employed and he discusses cases in which people are unable to bring off an act of distancing or are incapable of being bring forth into a state of being distanced.4Bulloughs example of the jealous husband at a performance of Othello5unable to concentrate as he is thinking of his own wifes suspicious behaviour demonstrates being under-distanced as the subject is too emotionally involved with the play. Similarly, a ligh t technician working on the play might be over-distanced as he is preoccupied with the lights and missing any emotional involvement with the play itself. dickie whitethorn undermine Bulloughs idea of distance here as he questions whether one can deliberately distance oneself or whether one can be induced into a consciousness denoted by being distanced.6Dickie undermines the concept of distance here suggesting that there is no such pay back as being distanced and so undermines Bulloughs theory.Furthermore, Dickie tyroises Bulloughs use of unseasoned terms referring to distance, as he thinks to introduce these terms does nothing but send us chasing after phantom acts and states of consciousness.7Dickie infers that there is no identifiable psychological experience of being distanced8and so no value in Bulloughs idea of distance. Furthermore he suggests that being under or over-distanced is simply being more or less focused on something and just ii different cases of inattention .9Therefore, being distanced means just focusing ones attention on something and is not a new kind of act10or special state of consciousness11.Whilst Dickie puts forward a fairly persuasive argument against psychical distance, his description of aesthetic experiences as simple cases of attention or inattention may not be adequate in explaining what it truly is to have an aesthetic experience. If, as Dickie suggests, we reject the aesthetic attitude, one might argue that we would be unable to answer some important questions about aesthetic experience. Specifically, one might argue that the aesthetic attitude is required in order to pinpoint what exactly the judgment of taste is and what prompts us to recognise objects as aesthetic objects. Therefore, Dickies argument may be less effective in refuting the aesthetic attitude, as Bulloughs theory of distance may be closer to providing answers to such questions.Importantly, Dickie continues his argument by criticising another way of conc eiving the aesthetic attitude when he discusses Jerome Stolnitzs theory which suggests that the aesthetic attitude is marked out by its generousness12and its detachment from practical projects. Stolnitzs definition is that it is the disinterested and sympathetic attention to and contemplation of any object of awareness whatever, for its own sake alone.13Stolnitz elaborates on this idea explaining that disinterested attention means looking at the object with no concern for any ulterior intention.14Similarly he says that sympathetic attention means that the subject can experience the objects individual qualities with no prejudice. For Stolnitz, such an aesthetic perception involves the subjects active attention being directed at the object alone, without thinking or asking questions and being emotionally slack and able to respond to it. This results in an enhanced experience of the object which enables us to focus on the look of the rocks, the sound of the ocean, the colours in th e painting,15whilst contemplating an object with a practical perception prevents us from truly appreciating it and limits our experience of the object.Dickies criticism of Stolnitzs aesthetic attitude only really focuses on this notion of disinterested attention. Stolnitz distinguishes between disinterested attention and interested attention which he says differ according to the purpose of the attention. For example when looking at Warhols Campbell Soup Cans, if I admire it as a beautiful piece of art then I experience it with disinterested attention. On the other hand, if I look at it and think about how athirst(p) I am and how I would like to eat the soup, I experience it with an interested attention.However, Dickie objects to Stolnitzs idea that such a difference in purpose results in a difference in attention. Dickie proposes that the concept of disinterest does nothing to explain what it means to attend to16an object. To reinforce his point, Dickie uses an example of two peopl e listening to music with different purposes Jones with the purpose of analysing the music for an exam and Smith with no such purpose other than simply listening to it. Dickie suggests that Jones has an ulterior purpose and Smith does not, but this does not mean Joness listening differs from Smiths.17Dickie demonstrates that the only difference between the listening of Jones and Smith is their purpose and suggests that in reality there is nothing different about their attention at all. Therefore, Dickie argues that the notion of disinterestedness cannot be used to refer to a type of attention, as attention has no special attribute such as disinterest. Instead, Dickie thinks that it can only refer to whether attention is motivated by a purpose or not. Hence, Dickie may challenge Stolnitzs theory as he questions the validity of the concepts of interested and disinterested attention which is key to Stolnitzs whole theory of the aesthetic attitude.In addition, Dickie reinforces his arg ument using the example of the art critic attending a piece of art. Dickie points out that according to Stolnitzs theory, the art critic could not critique the art as well as appreciate it, as the critic has an ulterior purpose to analyse and evaluate the object he perceives.18Dickie claims that Stolnitz confuses a perceptual distinction with a motivational one19as the critic only differs from other subjects attending the art in his motives and purpose. For Dickie, this example only further highlights that it is not possible to attend to art interestedly nor disinterestedly only with or without a motive or purpose.Whilst Dickie develops a win over argument against Stolnitzs theory of the aesthetic attitude, he does only really focus on one aspect of it disinterestedness and doesnt effectively address the idea of sympathetic attention, for example. In his argument, Stolnitz stresses the importance of considering all the aspects of his definition of the aesthetic attitude, so for this reason, Dickies attempt at challenging Stolnitzs theory may not be as successful. Furthermore, Stolnitz himself argues in solvent to Dickies criticism that, Leading aestheticians continue to take disinterestedness to be foundational in their thinking.20Stolnitz suggests that the incomparable longevity of the concept demonstrates its validity, as it continues to engage thought.21As engaging as the concept may be, however, this point might not succeed as an effective counter-argument to Dickie.Dickies argument convincingly refutes Bulloughs and Stolnitzs theories of the aesthetic attitude, but it may not follow that rejecting the ideas of distance and disinterestedness means that no special aesthetic attitude exists. One might argue that from the vantage point22of the subject there are a fit(p) of features that identify aesthetic experience23which, whilst difficult to describe accurately, constitute the aesthetic attitude. Furthermore, it might be argued that Dickie is more co ncerned with the aesthetic object than the aesthetic experience, as his own alternative for the aesthetic attitude the institutional theory of art focuses on the nature of art and how an object can become art, sooner than on aesthetic experience and our response to an object. Ultimately, however, whilst there are several compelling counter-arguments in favour of the aesthetic attitude, I think that Dickies argument that it is a myth is convincing and effectively undermines both Bulloughs and Stolnitzs notions of the aesthetic attitude.