Essay about Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 1903 Words

Current epidemiological data suggest anxiety disorders are the most prevalent type of childhood psychological disorders. Generalized Anxiety Disorder or GAD is described by excessive worrying about a variety of events, including those in the past, present, and future. Children with this disorder worry excessively about a number of issues, including past conversations or actions, upcoming events, school, family health, their own health, competence in sports or academics, and world events. Typically, children experiencing such excessive worry find it difficult to control the amount of time that they worry, and the worrying interferes in their daily life. Sometimes children don’t realize their anxiety is excessive considering the situation.†¦show more content†¦Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge Being easily fatigued Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank Irritability Muscle tension Sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless unsatisfying sleep) D. The focus of the anxiety and worry is not confined to features of other Axis I disorder (such as social phobia, OCD, PTSD etc.)†¨ E. The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.†¨ F. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism), and does not occur exclusively during a mood disorder, psychotic disorder, or a pervasive developmental disorder. (DSM-IV) Children with generalized anxiety disorder in the schools will exhibit symptoms consistent with the criteria mentioned above but will also appear to worry excessively about a variety of issues such as grades, peers, and performance in sports. These students mayShow MoreRelatedGeneralized Anxiety Disorder771 Words   |  3 Pagescountry are affected, it is estimated that â€Å"5% - 6% of teens ages 13-18 are affected by this troubling disorder, not including the teens that receive no treatment,† (â€Å"Generalized†). Youth that receive no treatment could be considered are under privileged. Meaning that they do not have the resources or are very limited to resources that could help them get the proper treatment for their disorder. Many of those adolescents are children that come from low income families, single family homes, or fosterRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Case Analysis: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Bryan Wood Abnormal Psychology Professor Powell April 14, 2015 Bryan Wood Mr. Powell PSY 322 April 14, 2015 Case Analysis: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) â€Å"During a panic attack, the first thing you want to do is get out of the situation that is causing it. However, since most professors find it disrespectful to leave during class, I had to sit for an hour and half in this agonizing state†¦It was as if I had terminal cancerRead MoreUsing Generalized Anxiety Disorder?1180 Words   |  5 Pagessmall example of what someone with Generalized Anxiety Disorder may go through on a daily business every moment during their day. The topics that are going to be covered in this paper are what is GAD and what are the signs and symptoms, how does GAD affect the ability to perform normal activities of daily living, and an overall summary with my assigned individual at SDC for his Intensive Learning Project. What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder â€Å"Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessiveRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder Is A Mental Disorder That1410 Words   |  6 PagesGeneralized anxiety disorder is a mental disorder that affects approximately four to five percent of the general population. This disorder can be illustrated by excessive anxiety and worry that lasts a minimum of six months and deals with various events or activities. People who struggle with this disorder have difficulties controlling their worry; this worry can permeate into every action or thought which leads to increased anxiety. Moreover, people with generalized anxiety disorder exhibit at leastRead MoreQuestions On Generalized Anxiety Disorder1151 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER 1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Chinelo Onyekere Delaware County Community College Abnormal Psychology 210 Professor Doran August 8, 2015 GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER 2 Presenting Problems Joe Steven, is reported a continuous and extensive worry about his family responsibilities. TheRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )1782 Words   |  8 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a mental disorder marked by extreme anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) over a period of at least 6 months. It is accompanied by at least three of these six somatic or psychological symptoms: feeling on edge, fatigue, problems with concentration, feeling irritable, physical tension, and problems with sleep. Allgulander2012 GAD pervasive cogn dysfunction w/focus on threat and risk tow indiv/family Tension worry muscle pain sleep dist irritability PsychRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder1142 Words   |  5 PagesGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a disorder of shared self-reported symptoms. It goes with tension, uncontrollable worrying, sometimes muscle pain, trouble sleeping, and irritability that all together impair work ability, relations, and leisure activities. It is a common condition and there are psychological and pharmacological treatment options are available for anxiety disorders but not all patients respond to the same treatment as others. Finding a good treatment can take many months or sometimesRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad ) Essay2397 Words   |  10 PagesReview Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a disorder in which an individual may feel persistent, excessive, and worry about everyday things that may not even happen. Individuals with this disorder may feel worry, excessive anxiety, and have thoughts of the worst even when there is no need for concern. A person experiencing GAD may expect a disaster. They may worry about their finances, money, health, family, work, or any issue that may come to mind. This disorder mayRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Gad )999 Words   |  4 PagesGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most diagnosed mental disorders today, and can often be closely linked to concurrent symptoms or disorders including physiological, behavioral, other anxiety disorders, depression and substance abuse. (Merino, Senra Ferreiro, 2016) (Cacioppo Fregberg, 2013, p. 688). GAD most notably produces symptoms of excessive worry and anxiety related to non-specific risks, which often leads to functional decline both socially and professionally (Roberge etRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder2902 Words   |  12 PagesGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about everyday things that is disproportionate to the actual source of worry. This excessive worry often interferes with daily functioning, as individuals suffering GAD typically anticipate disaster, and are overly concerned about everyday matters such as health issues, money, death, family problems, friend problems, relationship problems or work difficulties.[1]

Essay on Imperialsim The Roman Empire - 1890 Words

Throughout history, the major powers of the world constantly seek to conquer other parts of the world. Most of the powers were centralized in Europe, for example the Roman Empire. During the Age of Exploration, the idea of taking over other nations is brought back in a more modernized way. Imperialism is the idea of a major power controlling another nation or land with the intentions to use the native people and resources to help the mother country in any way possible. Starting around the 18th century, this policy is adopted by many European countries and continues for centuries after. However, the motives for the Europeans to adopt this policy of Imperialism are still being examined. Reasons for these countries to take such actions due to†¦show more content†¦This position of being first was the major contribution for embracing the policy of imperialism in Europe. This idea is most prominent in the less powerful countries within Europe who desire this power. Friedrich Fabri writes, â€Å"By obtaining colonies, we can restore Germany’s position as the most prestigious, important, and influential nation in Europe.† (1) This is part of Fabri’s justification of German imperialism and it shows the idea of being number one in Europe. Take notice of the words â€Å"prestigious, important, and influential†. These words describe the meaning of glory and how much power it has. With this magnificence and importance, German can become the greatest influence in Europe. But the British, who were thought to achieve the goal of becoming the greatest power, struggle to maintain its superiority. The British also reinforce the policy of imperialism with the same reasons as they attempt to control its place at the top. Josiah Strong writes, â€Å"it is our responsibility to seize these lands and secure our dominance.† (2) Strong is implying that if Britain stops taking land their supremacy will be lost, but taking the open land will hel p them become the strongest country without any threat from others. Therefore, the British must act soon or else lose their position. Both examples show both sides, one in power and one attempting to obtain power. Both realize the importance of imperialism to become stronger and

The Constitution Of The United States - 885 Words

In 1787, our founding fathers came up with a few principles that would establish what we now know as the United States of America. These principles were put on paper to serve as a guideline for how the United States would be operated and structured. This historical piece paper became known as the Constitution of the United States. In the Constitution, a Preamble is implemented at the beginning that essentially tells what the founding fathers set out to do. â€Å"We The People, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty †¦ â€Å" (Preamble, U.S. Constitution) The Preamble that was applied within the Constitution became the platform that led to different limitations each state would have. The limitations were quoted by articles, amendments, and sections to provide a professional and limited governmental scheme on what was expected from each state. As the Constitution was ratified in 1788, a set of guidelines known as the Bill of Rights was implemented as well. The difference is that the Constitution provided structure as to how the whole set up of our system of government would be ran. So essentially, the Constitution states the appropriate amount of houses needed to make up Congress, what powers Congress will have, and what powers the President will have. The Bill of Rights served as rules towards what the federal government was limited to do.Show MoreRelatedThe United States Constitution And The Constitution Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States Constitution, this very detailed group of words was written in 1787, but it did not take effect until after it was ratified in 1789, when it replaced the Articles of Confederation. It remains the basic law of the United States then and till the present day of 2016. The first state to ratify the Constitution was Delaware; the last of the original thirteen to ratify was Rhode Island and since only nine were required, this was two years after it went into effect. When the U.S. ConstitutionRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States Constitution Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pages(framers’ of the U.S. Constitution) position on the Presidency: The framers experienced the abuse of the English monarchs and their colonial governors. As a result, the framers were skeptical of the excessive executive authority. Furthermore, they also feared excessive legislative powers. This was something that the Articles of Confederation had given their own state legislatures. The framers of the constitution deliberately fragmented power between the national government, the states, and among the executiveRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States894 Words   |  4 Pagesthe substratum for that country. A Constitution can be defined as a document that is the substratum of the country’s principles. Elements in the Constitution may contain sundry information. Which can include: how many terms a leader may serve, what rights the citizens have, how the judicial system works, etc. The United States in no different from those countries. Every constitution is different, no country has the exact constitution as another. The U.S Constitutio n is a four-page document detailingRead MoreThe United States Constitution Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States constitution was written in 1787 by the founding fathers of this country. Now it might be appropriate to question why a document that is the basis of the government for one of the most culturally and racially diverse countries in the world, was written by a group of heterosexual, cisgender, rich, white men. Some might think that a constitution written well over 200 years ago would be outdated and irrelevant to the American society of today but with some research, it is quite theRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States756 Words   |  4 PagesPromulgation and Legislation in the U.S. Constitution: The federal system of government of the United States is based on its constitution. The Constitution grants all authority to the federal government except the power that is delegated to the states. Each state in the United States has its own constitution, local government, statute, and courts. The Constitution of the United States sets the judiciary of the federal government and defines the extent of the federal court’s power. The federalRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States of America has previously experienced failure every now and then. With trial and error, the country has learned to correct its ways and move toward(s) perfecting itself. Realizing the ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation is a prime example of the U.S. learning how to better itself. Subsequent to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution of the United States was set as our new and improved framework of government. Possessing knowled ge on how America, although strongRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States951 Words   |  4 Pageshappening again. Unlike the artifacts, The Constitution of the United States has not been forgotten, it is actually still very alive today. Unlike most relics, The Constitution still holds a very heroic and patriotic implication, freedom. With freedom comes self-government, freedom of speech, religious tolerance, etc. With all these things comes the great responsibility to adapt and fit to the wants and needs of the decade. Even though the Constitution was made for the interests of the people ofRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1338 Words   |  6 Pages The Constitution is the basis of law in The United States and has been since it was written in 1789. Since then it has been amended 27 times with the first ten amendments collectively known as the Bill of Rights. The US Constitution was preceded by the Articles of Confederation and supported by the Federalist Papers which we will touch more on later. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson all wrote or influenced The Constitution in a very important way. Alexander HamiltonRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1388 Words   |  6 PagesInterpretation of the Constitution is one of the biggest conflicts within the United States–the highly contentious issue of states’ rights resulted from two different interpretations of what powers should belong to the federal government versus what powers belong to the individual states. No issue has ever caused as much turmoil as the issue of states’ rights–but one side must have more v alid arguments. Should the federal government’s power be superior, or should the authority of the individual states be heldRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1054 Words   |  5 PagesThe Constitution of the United States divide powers between both Congress and President in a way to prevent tyranny. The legislative and executive branches have major roles in America’s form of government. Each have significant roles but would overlay within each other especially when it comes to foreign policy. In the process of foreign policy, both sides tend to collide whether it may be Congress against the executive branch or vice versa. It becomes something contradictory in which Political Scientist

The Effects Of Competition On American Culture - 1777 Words

During a single day in a person’s life in the United States, there are a multitude of moments where the drive to be the best rules everyones lives. In American culture there is the drive to be the first and best at everything. People take great pride in being the first person in line, or the best at a board game. In the United States, any other position other than first is considered a lose. Its prevalent in almost every aspect of society from sports to competitions on reality tv shows. Very rarely duo the majority of people remember the second place finisher, but they remember the person in first place. The affect of competition is not just felt when competing against another, but when your trying to hurry somewhere or beat a deadline. It is a basic instinct and cultural trait in the U.S. that promotes a greater desire for individualism than the rest of the world. The question, though, is what other prominent areas has the inherit need to compete seeped into American cultur e. In the music industry the idea of winners and losers concept is noticeable in every genre of music, and nearly every topic the a particular song covers. Music has a way of criticizing or applauding many aspects of American Culture. This allows competition to be pronounced explicitly and implicitly in most songs. From songs about inequality to romance, most songs have competitive winners or losers referenced. Any song written about poverty shows the economic competition that comes with the WesternShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of The Discontinuity Effect Between Japan And The United States Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesSapporo, Japan conducted an experimental research to test the theory of the discontinuity effect existing in East Asia as it does in the United States, wherein the participants played a 10-trial prisoner’s dilemma game repeatedly. They initially believed that if East Asians are collectivists, then a group of East Asians should be more competitive than East Asia ns individually, and that the discontinuity effect should be stronger than what was perceived in the United States. This study was an attemptRead MoreLife With Daughters Analysis1185 Words   |  5 Pagesthe hardships of being African American especially when trying to raise two daughters who don’t believe they are beautiful . Early’s purpose is to inform the reader of all the difficulties that black girls face growing up in a society who has defined beauty with the image of a white, skinny blonde. He adopts a bitter tone in order to point out all of the difficulties these girls face in order to appeal to similar feelings and experiences of other African American girls their parents. Early beginsRead More The Ultimate Fighter Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagescounted on your fighting skills and dedication? That is the case in the new reality show, â€Å"The Ultimate Fighter†. It is based on one of the oldest theories, survival of the fittest. Survival of the fittest is how a lot of American culture is run. This T.V. show portrays American culture by using the survival of the fittest concept. This show, like many shows today, is a reality show. There are a group of guys who are put into a house to live together. The twist is that all of the guys want to becomeRead MoreReflection On The American Culture1384 Words   |  6 PagesReflection on Class Sources American culture refers to the traditions and practices of the people of the United States. Culture comprises of the nature of buildings, religion, music language and marriage. The population of the United States is more than 320 million people making it the most culturally diverse country in the globe. Books such as Crabgrass Frontier, Manifest Destination and Muscular Christianity are important sources of information about American culture. This paper is a reflectionRead MoreGlobalization : Positive And Negative Impact On The World909 Words   |  4 Pagessaying â€Å"too much of a good thing can be bad for you† the key to everything in life is balance and excess might harm you. Furthermore, both sides of globalization have compelling arguments on the positive and negative effects of globalization, furthermore different countries and cultures would have different opinions in regards to how they have been affected by globalization. In this assignment I will look at the posit ive and negative views of globalization to further prove that globalization ultimatelyRead MoreThe American Dream By James Truslow Adams803 Words   |  4 PagesThe term â€Å" The American Dream† can be coined to historian James Truslow Adams in the early 1930’s. Adams believed that the true commitment for the American society was based of material success that was obtained by individual competition of the citizens. Furthermore, stating that the American citizens had been conditioned to desire success, with an honest belief that it was possible for one to achieve it. This was possible because the very principles that American society represented, helped eachRead MoreCheating is violating laws or rules to gain an advantage at something. People today cheat in many900 Words   |  4 Pages–academically, professionally, and financially  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ and for many different reasons. Americans are no exception. While some types of cheating may be more justifiable than others –stealing food, for example. There is no denying that cheating is common in America today. Americans are not only cheating in many areas but are not feeling guilty about it. Sadly, but true, cheating has become acceptable in American culture. Cheating is prevalent and on the rise, especially in schools. In a 2009 study ofRead MoreThe Battle Of The Cold War1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe Soviet Union sent a challenge to the U.S that set up one of the biggest, and potentially apocalyptic stand-offs in history. The Cold War, the great stand off between the Americans and the Soviets lasted from 1947 to about 1991 according to Major Problems in American History Since 1945. This Cold War would change the culture in the United States forever, stamping it’s air of alertness and terror not only on the citizens of the U.S but on the politicians that ran the country as well. After the secondRead MoreCase Study 2 Hollywood1665 Words   |  7 Pages Case Study-Hollywood Influence on Global Culture 1. Most aspects of foreign culture, like language, religion, gender roles, and problem-solving strategies, are hard for the casual observer to understand. In what ways do Hollywood movies affect national culture outside the United States? What aspects of U.S. culture do Hollywood films promote around the world? Can you observe any positive effects of Hollywood movies on world cultures? 2. Culture plays a key role in business. In what ways haveRead MoreStarbucks : Starbucks Economic Analysis1673 Words   |  7 Pagesovernight success, and revenue far exceeded all expectations. Within a decade, Starbucks had four stores in Seattle, and the company has been profitable and expanding every year since its inception. Today, Starbucks is ubiquitous with worldwide coffee culture. Product Description and Usage Today, the thousands of Starbucks stores offer regular or decaffeinated coffees, a broad selection of espresso drinks, and a wide range of fresh-roasted whole bean specialty coffees. Starbucks also offers a selection

Comparing The Creation Stories Of Ancient Israelite Views...

Compare and contrast the creation stories in Enuma Elish and in Genesis. In particular, assess what this comparative work tells us about ancient Israelite views of God and God’s creative work. Genesis 1, the first chapter in the bible, is easily the most well known creation story to come out of the Ancient Near East. However, that does not mean that it was the only creation story to come out of that period. The Babylonian epic, the Enuma Elish was one such story. It is in essence a history of the Babylonian gods, and in particular, one god, Marduk. It was ultimately written to justify his rise to power as the head of the Babylonian pantheon of gods. This was done in order to â€Å"support Babylon’s claim to pre-eminence above all the other cities in the country† (Heidel 1963, p. 14). Despite emerging from the same period, the two texts are starkly different. The former portrays an all-powerful, transcendent, monotheistic God, while the latter describes a polytheistic hierarchy of gods who reach their ends through violence and conflict. The differences between the Enuma Elish and Genesis 1 are so vast and endless that there is no real reason to discuss about their literary dependence or mythological similarities (EOR, p. 2811). Rather, the Enuma Elish is better enlisted as a tool of comparison in order to highlight the utterly different and radical nature of the ancient Israelite religion as compared to the common religious beliefs circulating the Near East. While there areShow MoreRelatedEssay about Book Summary The Bible Among the Myths2835 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿ INTRODUCTION The book opens with an introduction comparing the study of the Old Testament and the other religions and cultures of other peoples from the Ancient Near East. Scholars used to believe that the Old Testament was unique among other beliefs in the Ancient Near East but they now view the Old Testament as identical to other religions of its day and time. The author also discusses the vital philosophical distinction between â€Å"essence† and â€Å"accident.† When removing an essential featureRead MoreAncient Eastern Thought and the Old Testament Essay10692 Words   |  43 PagesUNIVERSITY THE BIBLE AMONG THE MYTHS JOHN, N. OSWALT A SUMMARY PAPER OF THE TEXT ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN THOUGHT AND THE OLD TESTAMENT SUBMITTED TO DR. RANDY G. HANEY DEPARTMENT OF THEOLOGY BY 03 MARCH 2013 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: HISTORY AND METHODS 3 CHAPTER 2: COMPARATIVE STUDIES, SCHOLARSHIP, AND THEOLOGY 6 CHAPTER 3: SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST 10 CHAPTER 4: THE GODS 14 CHAPTER 5: TEMPLES AND RITUALS 19 CHAPTER 6: STATE AND FAMILY RELIGION 22

African slave trade free essay sample

Slavery existed in ancient Rome.   It continued in Europe and was common throughout the medieval period. Classical style slavery existed in the form of serfdom in Europe.   Enslaved people were allowed freedom after a designated time and their descendents were not automatically enslaved. There was no lifetime slavery in ancient Roman or Greek times or any other time in history.   The Europeans devised a form of â€Å"chattel slavery† in America, in which slaves were treated as property with no rights and as a commodity to be bought and sold.   Their enslaved condition was passed on to their descendents indefinitely.   The Atlantic slave trade lasted from the 14th to the 19th century.   It is estimated that 18 million Africans were removed from their homelands.   One third or more died on the journey in the slave ship. Slave trading in African was started by the Portuguese in 1441.   They captured slaves to work their sugar plantations. During the journey many Africans became sick and too depressed to eat or function due to loss of freedom, family, security, their own humanity and often the length of the voyage which caused food and water to diminish.The slave treatment of was often horrific because Africans were treated ore like cargo or goods and were transported for marketing. They would drown slaves at sea, so the owners could collect insurance on the slaves. Slaves were punished by whipping, shackling hanging, beating, burning, mutilation, branding and/or imprisonment. Refusal to eat and suicide were the two most common types of resistance. Slaves were often force-fed or tortured until they ate, though some still managed to starve themselves to death. The mistreatment of slaves frequently included rape and the sexual abuse of women.Many slaves were killed for resisting sexual attacks. The Fugitive Slave Law was passed in 1793 and 1850, intended to assist the progress of the recapture and extradition of runaway slaves during the Civil War. Federal marshals were directed to help recapture slaves. The slave capturer who accused the person that he was the slave would receive five dollars for turning the slave in and 10 dollars if the slave was returned to its owner. Although the North detested against the Law, the southerners had a positive idea about it. Southerners roamed the North looking for runaway slaves they thought they could turn in for money.Although there were many significant events in the African Slave Trade, there were three events that were most important during that time. Between the Middle Passage, the treatment of slaves and the Fugitive Slave Law there were many more events that made this time in history very important in our world today. Slavery is one of the most horrific events of history in my opinion.

Business Law Essential Elements

Question: Discuss about the Business Law for Essential Elements. Answer: Introduction: A contract refers to an agreement between two or more parties enforceable by law. There are five classifications of contracts on the basis of validity, nature of consideration, formation, obligation and execution. On the basis of validity, there are five types of contracts namely valid, void, illegal, voidable and unenforceable contracts. Valid Contract Valid contracts are an expressed or written agreement between parties to provide a product or service. Contracts are considered valid when it contains essential elements like offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, intention to create legal relationship, genuine and free consent, competency of parties and agreement not declared void. For example, Beauty offers to sell a property to Stylish and after negotiations; Stylish accepted the offer and signed the contract. This is a valid contract. Void contracts are originally enforceable by law but due to uncertain happenings, it ceases to be enforceable (Beatson et. al, 2011). For example, if Beauty enters into an agreement with Stylish who is presumably a minor, then the contract is deemed void because Stylish does not have capacity to contract. Circumstances like destruction of subject matter, death of parties and contract becoming unlawful etc makes the contract void. Voidable contracts refer to an agreement that is enforceable by l aw at the choice of one or more parties but not at others choice (Ewan, 2005). For example, Beauty sells the house stating the house value inclusive of window coverings, curtain and blinds which induced Stylish to purchase the house. When Stylish finds that the prices were excluded from the contract, it become voidable at his option. Illegal contracts are those which accommodate unlawful objects. For example, if Beauty does not have a legal capacity to contract or the contract is against public interest, then the contract is illegal. An unenforceable contract is good in substance but becomes unenforceable due to some technical defects. For example, if the legal formalities of agreement between Beauty and Stylish are not properly addressed, then it cannot be enforced by law. Unilateral and Bilateral contracts are considered the two major categories of a contract. The contract entered into by Beauty and Stylish can be considered a unilateral contract that is on the basis of obligation on the part of a single party only (Robertson et. al, 2011). Stylish did not make promises for the future and hence, it cannot be considered as bilateral contract where both parties have an obligation to perform. Contracts can also be classified as implied or expressed (on the basis of creation). In an expressed contract, both parties explicitly mention their terms for bargain at the time of contract formation (Ewan, 2005). For example, both Beauty and Stylish negotiate about the terms and conditions related to the sale and purchase of property. Implied contracts result from surrounding circumstances and facts that suggests an agreement. For example, Beauty expects Stylish to pay for his services although no formal agreement is created. Signed contract Signed contracts imply that the person signing is agreeing to the terms and conditions mentioned in the contract including what end of the bargain he or she is holding up. Verbal contracts do not require signatures while written contracts cannot be regarded valid until the sign of the person with whom the contract is entered into, is not present (Beatson et. al, 2011). For example, Stylish signed the written contract for the purchase of a new house in the eastern sector of Singapore. This implies that Stylish has accepted the terms and conditions mentioned in the contract and he is bound by it whether he has read it or not. Sometimes a person can even be bound by a written agreement even if he or she has not signed it. For instance, car parking tickets having terms and conditions printed on their back makes a person bound to them. Contracts like void contracts, illegal and unenforceable contracts can be disregarded even if it is a signed contract because if other elements of the cont ract are not fulfilled, then signing of such contracts does not make anyone bound by it. Thus, when Stylish discovered that he was misstated by Beauty in respect to inclusion of window coverings, blinds and curtains, he can get out of such contracts even if it is a valid contract. It is on the court to take into account various factors to determine whether the misrepresentation was a material one or was just a mere puff. Contracts are even signed digitally these days where both parties to an agreement can have legal copies of the contract without any hassle of copying, faxing or shipping. In the absence of any misrepresentation or duress, mistakes as to the contract terms cannot enable the signor to get rid of the contract where it is not significantly different from what the signor was agreeing to (Peel Treitel, 2011). Pre-contractual statements Pre-contractual statements are made prior to the formation of a contract. These statements (oral or written) made before entering into a contract is very difficult to be classified because there does not exist any legal proof that can succumb to the validity of these statements. It is well-known that parties (Beauty and Stylish) say various things while negotiating a contract and where sophisticated parties are involved, various pre-contractual statements will be made that will be carefully considered and deemed accurate. These statements are made in order to induce an individual to contract with the representor. For example, Beauty made a pre-contractual statement to Stylish that the value of house included window coverings, blinds and curtains. The word pre clearly suggests that it has been made prior to the validation of contract. However, it must not be assumed that every pre-contractual statement are made with a guilty mind, it can be genuine too. The most important element in a pre-contractual statement is the persuasion that makes people enters into the contract. Categorization of these statements is important as it can impact upon the available remedies. These are classified as mere representation, collateral contract, term of a contract and sales puff (Robertson et. al, 2011). Hence, the pre-contractual statement provided by Beauty to Stylish comes under the category mere representation as it urged Stylish to purchase the house. However, onus is on Beauty to prove that the statement was made with an honest intention and he had reasonable grounds of doing so. But, if the pre-contractual statements are made with a fraudulent motive, counter parties can unwind the contract or even claim for damages or both. In extremes cases, criminal liabilities can be initiated for fraud. After taking into account several considerations, it is the court who will decide whether pre-contractual statements really played a role in the formation of a contract or not. Misrepresentation A contract that is persuaded by misrepresentation can be set aside and result in action for damages. Representations are made before a contract on some relevant matters associated with the contract. These are related to the contract but do not form a part of it, hence it comes under the classification of pre-contractual statements. A misrepresentation occurs when the pre-contractual statements turn out to be false, resulting into loss of the party (Mitchell Mitchell, 2008). The contract between Beauty and Stylish was for Beauty to sell a property to Stylish. The prime point is that because representation does not form part of the contract, if it turns out to be untrue, there is no breach of contract. However, there are certain exceptions to this concept where the aggrieved party can claim for damages or unwind the contract or both. If any pre-contractual statements are made where one party (Beauty) has special knowledge, then it is likely to be assumed that the representation of inc lusion of window coverings and blinds and curtains forms part of the contract. There are seven basic elements that satisfies a legally actionable misrepresentation which are that a statement must be made by conduct or word, statements must be factual, statements must be false, offeree (Stylish) must have relied on the statement, offeree must have been misled, statement must be material to the contract and it must be a factor that induced offeree into the contract. If these elements are satisfied, then it must be seen whether the misrepresentation is an innocent, negligent or fraudulent misrepresentation (Koffman MacDonald, 2007). The onus is on the representor to prove if the statement was made unintentionally on honest grounds or if it was necessary. Negligent misrepresentation implies making false statements honestly but without appropriate grounds. In fraudulent misrepresentation, the intention is clearly to provide damage to the offeree. The intention of Beauty cannot be judged and it depends either on him to prove if he was innocent or on the court to arrive at a proper conclusion. Remedy The basic effect of misrepresentation is that it makes the contract voidable and not void ab initio. Once an actionable misrepresentation is established, it becomes necessary to consider the available remedies available to the offeree or misrepresentee (in this case, Stylish). The first available remedy is rescission which purposes to put the parties back into their original position, as though the contract had not been entered into by anyone. The aggrieved party can present a notice to the representor and thereafter rescind the contract (Gibson Douglas, 2013). Rescission can also be initiated by obtaining an order from the court. If the representee discovers the misrepresentation but still fails to avoid the contract, then he or she cannot rescind the contract. In case of a fraudulent misrepresentation, the time limit runs till the discovery of such misrepresentation by the representee or offeree whereas in an innocent misrepresentation, the right to rescind does not exist (Bernste in, 2008). In the given case, Stylish can obtain an order from the court or inform the representor (Beauty) about such misrepresentation and rescind the contract. The second remedy available is damages where the aggrieved party can claim damages for fraudulent misrepresentation in the tort of deceit. If it is a negligent one, then the aggrieved party can claim only for his or her actual losses. The purpose of such remedy is to restore the representee or aggrieved or offeree to the position he occupied prior to such contract. In the given case, Stylist can claim for damages by Beauty on account of such misrepresentation. However, the intention of such representation, that is whether innocent or negligent must be proved by Beauty. It can be concluded that this case was more likely a fraudulent misrepresentation and Stylish stands a good opportunity in court to sue Beauty. However, Stylish must have done his job perfectly before proceeding with the purchase. Although, very slight, but there can also be a chance that this was an innocent misrepresentation but on a whole, it depends on the court to decide whether Beauty was right or Stylish was wrong. References Beatson, J, Burrows A and Cartwright, J. (2010). Anson's Law of Contract: OUP. Ewan, M (2005). Contract Law - Text, Cases and Materials. Oxford University Press Gibson, A Douglas, F (2013). Business law. Pearson. Koffman L MacDonald E. (2007). The Law of Contract. Oxford University Press. Mitchell, C Mitchell, P. (2008). Landmark Cases in the Law of Contract, Oxford University Press. Peel, E Treitel, GH. (2011). Treitel on the Law of Contract: Oxford press Robertson, A, Paterson, J Arlen, D. (2011). Principles of Contract Law, Penguin Press